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Milling Machine

Milling machine

A milling machine is a power-driven machine used for the complex shaping of metal (or possibly other materials) parts. Its basic form is that of a rotating cutter or mill bit which rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (often three dimensions relative to the workpiece, whereas a drill can only move in one dimension while cutting). The motion across the surface of the workpiece is usually accomplished by having a movable table on which the workpiece is mounted, arranged to move in two dimensions. Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (see CNC). Milling machines can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling, rebating, routing, etc. Cutting fluid is often pumped to the cutting site to cool and lubricate the cut, and to sluice away the resulting swarf.

Types of milling machines

swarf There are two main types of mill: the vertical mill and the horizontal mill. The vertical mill has a vertical spindle, like the drill press, but with an X-Y table that permits positioning the work. Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. Milling cutters are designated in several groups: end mills, facing mills and form cutters. End mills can cut slots, steps and pockets. Face mills are used to cut flat surfaces. Form mills can cut dovetails, bevels and t-slots. A combination machine, called a mill-drill, is quite popular with amateurs as it takes the place of the drill press and a vertical mill. A horizontal mill has the same sort of X-Y table, but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal arbor across the table. Cutters, called side mills, have a cross section like a circular saw, but are generally wider and smaller in diameter. These are used to mill grooves and slots. Plain mills are used to shape flat surfaces. Several cutters may be ganged together on the arbor to mill a complex shape of slots and planes. Special cutters can also cut grooves, bevels, radii, or indeed any section desired. These specialty cutters tend to be expensive. A more complex form of the milling machine is the Universal milling machine, in which the rotating cutter can be oriented vertically or horizontally, increasing the flexibility of the machine tool.

CNC milling machines

end mills end mills Most CNC milling machines or machining centers are computer controlled vertical mills with the ability to move the spindle vertically along the Z-axis. This extra degree of freedom permits their use in engraving applications, and also allows to create 2.5D surfaces such as relief sculptures. When combined with the use of conical tools or a ball nose cutter, it also significantly improves milling precision without impacting speed, providing a cost-efficient alternative to most flat-surface hand-engraving work.
engraving CNC machines can exist in virtually any of the forms of manual machinery, like horizontal mills. The most advanced CNC milling-machines, the 5-axis machines, add two more axes in addition to the three normal axes (XYZ). Horizontal milling machines also have a C or Q axis, allowing the horizontally mounted workpiece to be rotated, essentially allowing asymmetric and eccentric turning. The fifth axis(B-Axis) controls the tilt of the tool itself. When all of these axes are used in conjunction with each other, extremely complicated geometries, even organic geometries such as a human head which can be made with relative ease with these machines. But the skill to program such geometries is beyond that of most humans. Therefore, 5-axis milling machines are practically always programmed with CAM.

Milling machine tooling

There is some degree of standardization of the tooling used with CNC Milling Machines and to a much lesser degree with manual milling machines. CNC Milling machines will nearly always use CAT, BT or HSK tooling. CAT tooling, sometimes called V-Flange Tooling, is the oldest variation and is probably still the most common. CAT tooling was invented by Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria, Illinois in order to standardize the tooling used on their machinery. CAT tooling comes in a range of sizes designated as CAT-30, CAT-40, CAT-50, etc. The number refers to the NMTB Taper size of the tool. Taper size An improvement on CAT Tooling is BT Tooling, which looks very similar and can easily be confused with CAT tooling. Like CAT Tooling, BT Tooling comes in a range of sizes and uses the same NMTB body taper. However, BT tooling is symmetrical about the spindle axis, which CAT tooling is not. This gives BT tooling greater stability and balance at high speeds. One other subtle difference between these two toolholders is the thread used to hold the pull stud. CAT Tooling is all Imperial thread and BT Tooling is all Metric thread. Note that this affects the pull stud only, it does not affect the tool that they can hold, both types of tooling are sold to accept both Imperial and metric sized tools. HSK tooling, sometimes called "Hollow Shank Tooling", is much more common in Europe where it was invented than it is in the United States. It is claimed that HSK tooling is even better than BT Tooling at high speeds. The holding mechanism for HSK tooling is placed within the (hollow) body of the tool and, as spindle speed increases, it expands, gripping the tool more tightly with increasing spindle speed. There is no pull stud with this type of tooling. The situation is quite different for manual milling machines — there is little standardization. Newer and larger manual machines usually use NMTB tooling. This tooling is somewhat similar to CAT tooling but requires a drawbar within the milling machine. Furthermore, there are a number of variations with NMTB tooling that make interchangeability troublesome. Taper size Two other tool holding systems for manual machines are worthy of note: They are the R8 collet and the Morse Taper #2 collet. Bridgeport Machines of Bridgeport Connecticut so dominated the milling machine market for such a long time that their machine "The Bridgeport" is virtually synonymous with "Manual milling machine." The bulk of the machines that Bridgeport made from about 1965 onward used an R8 collet system. Prior to that, the bulk of the machines used a Morse Taper #2 collet system. As an historical footnote: Bridgeport is now owned by Hardinge Brothers of Elmira, New York.

Drill

A drill is a tool with a rotating drill bit used for drilling holes in various materials. Drills are commonly used in woodworking and metalworking. The drill bit is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill, and is pressed against the target material and rotated. The tip of the drill bit does the work of cutting into the target material, slicing off thin shavings (twist drills or auger bits) or grinding off small particles (oil drilling).

History

The earliest drills were probably bow drills. The invention of the electrical drill is credited to both Arthur James Arnot [http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/bsparcs/biogs/P003116b.htm], in 1889, at Melbourne, Australia and Wilhelm Fein [http://www.fein.de/corp/de/en/company/history.html], in 1895, at Stuttgart, Germany. In 1917, Black & Decker patented a trigger-like switch mounted on the handle.

Types

There are many types of drill; some powered by hand and others using electricity or compressed air as the motive power. Drills with a percussive action such as (hammer drills, jackhammers or pneumatic drills) are usually used in hard materials such as masonry or rock. As well, drilling rigs are used to bore holes in the earth to obtain water or oil. An oil well, water well, or holes for geothermal heating are created with large drill rigs up to a hundred feet high. Some types of hand-held drills are also used to drive screws.

Hand tools

screw
- bow drills.
- gimlet
- "Eggbeater" drill
- brace and bit
- pin chuck, a small hand held jewellers drill.

Electric Drill

pin chuck Hand-held electric drills are ubiquitous. They usually look like a pistol, with a trigger-like switch. They are also used for driving screws and are often provided with a hammer action which makes them capable of being used as masonry drills. In fact, screw guns or electric screwdrivers are generally suitably modified drills. These drills typically employ a universal motor with brushes. The original designs featured a single forward speed with a simple on-off action of the trigger; they could operate equally well on AC or DC power. Modern variable speed drills contain solid state phase control circuits that limit their use to AC power only. As a tradeoff, the electronics now give them variable speed, reversibility and torque control.

Hammer Drill

The hammer drill is similar to a standard electric drill, with the exception that it is provided with a hammer action for drilling masonry. The hammer action may be engaged or disengaged as required.

Rotary hammer drill

The rotary hammer drill (also known as roto hammer drill or masonry drill) is an electric drill type dedicated to drilling holes in masonry. The rotary hammer drill is a percussion drill that uses a weight to create the impact force on the masonry bit. Generally, the drill chuck of the rotary hammer drill is designed to hold SDS drill bits. Some styles of this drill are intended for masonry drilling only and the hammer action cannot be disengaged. Other styles allow the drill to be used without the hammer action for normal drilling.

Cordless drills

SDS drill bits A cordless drill is a type of electric drill which uses rechargeable batteries. These drills are available with similar features to an AC mains-powered drill. They are available in the hammer drill configuration and most also have a clutch setting which allows them to be used for driving screws. For continuous use, a tradesman will have one or more spare battery packs charging while working, so that he can quickly swap them, instead of having to wait several hours during recharges. Early cordless drills started with interchangeable 7.5V battery packs, and over the years the battery voltage has been increased to 18V, and higher, allowing these tools to produce as much torque as many mains-powered drills. The drawback of most current models is the use of NiCd batteries, which develop a "memory effect" or internal short circuits due to dendrite growth, severely limiting their useful life, and posing a hazardous materials disposal problem. Drill manufacturers are now introducing lithium ion batteries, most notably Makita Electric Works and Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation. The main advantages are lack of memory effect and very short charging time. Instead of charging a tool for an hour to get 20 minutes of use, 20 minutes of charge can run the tool for an hour. Lithium ion batteries also have a constant discharge rate. The power output remains constant until the battery is depleted.

Drill press

lithium ion batteries A drill press (also known as pedestal drill, pillar drill or bench drill) is a fixed style of drill, which may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. It consists of a base, column (or pillar), table, spindle (or quill) and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor. The head has a set of handles (usually 3) radiating from a central hub which, when turned, move the drill spindle (and chuck) vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion, however some older models rely on the operator to lift and reclamp it in position. The table may also be off-set from the spindle's axis and in some cases rotated perpendicular to the column. A drill press has a number of advantages over a hand held drill:
- less effort is required to apply the drill to the workpiece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, this gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.
- the table allows a vise or clamp to position and lock the work in place making the operation secure.
- the angle of the spindle is fixed in relation to the table allowing holes to be drilled accurately and repetitively. Speed change is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement, some types introduce a third stepped pulley to increase the speed range. This makes selecting the correct spindle speed more likely.

Geared head drill

The geared head drill is identical to the drill press in most respects, however they are generally of sturdier construction and often have power feed installed on the quill mechanism, and safety interlocks to disengage the feed on overtravel. The most important difference is the drive mechanism between motor and quill is through a gear train (there are no vee belts to tension) this makes these drills suitable for the larger sizes of drill bits (16mm or 5/8ths" upwards) which would normally stall in a drill press.

Radial arm drill

A radial arm drill is a geared head drill that can be moved away from its column along an arm that is radiates from the column. These drills are used for larger work where a geared head drill would be limited by its reach, the arm can swivel around the column so that any point on the surface of the table can be reached without moving the work piece. The size of work that these drills can handle is considerable as the arm can swivel out of the tables area allowing an overhead crane to place the workpiece on the fixed table. Vices may be used with these machines but the work is generally bolted to the table or a fixture

Mill drill

fixture Mill drills are a lighter alternative to a milling machine, they combine a drill press (belt driven) with the x y co-ordinate abilities of the milling machines table and a locking collet that ensures that the cutting tool will not fall from the spindle when lateral forces are experienced against the bit. Although they are light in construction they have the advantage of space saving combined with versatility and are suitable for light machining which may otherwise not be affordable.

Related tools

- Milling machines, metal lathes and routers are also used for drilling.

External link

- [http://ober.nease.net/ober_tools.htm air drill or pneumatic drill]
- [http://www.cordless-drills.net Advice on choosing a cordless drill] Category:Mechanical hand tools Category:Drilling and threading Category:Woodworking machines Category:Woodworking hand tools Category:Woodworking hand-held power tools ja:ドリル

Cutting fluid

Cutting fluid or coolant is liquid used to cool and lubricate the cutting edges of machine tools and the pieces they are shaping. It is pumped over the cutting site of machines such as lathes, milling machines, shapers and saws. Metal cutting operations involve generation of heat due to friction between the tool and the pieces and due to energy lost deforming the material. This heat needs to be carried away otherwise it creates "white spots". Water is a great conductor of heat but is not stable at high temperatures, so stability is often achieved by making an emulsion of water with oil. There are three types of coolants. Mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic. Mineral coolants are cheap and have a short life. Semi-synthetic coolants use special chemicals to solubalize the oil into water. Synthetic coolants do not use water and hence are much more stable but more expensive. Bacterial growth can be a problem in cutting fluids that contain water. In case the oil forms a layer on the top of liquid, anaerobic bacterials proliferate due to warm temperatures. This leads to a bad smell and renders the oil unusable. The properties that are sought after in a good cutting fluid are the ability to:
- keep the workpiece at a stable temperature (critical when working to close tolerances).
- maximize the life of the cutting tip by lubricating the working edge and reducing tip welding.
- prevent the growth of bacteria or fungi. Cutting fluid may also take the form of a paste when used for some applications, in particular hand operations such as drilling and tapping. In many areas, disposal of cutting fluid is subject to environmental regulations intended to prevent pollution. Modern cutting fluid disposal may involve techniques such as ultrafiltration using polymeric or ceramic membranes which concentrates the suspended and emulsified oil phase.

Other lubricants

- Dielectric fluid is the cutting fluid used in Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM). It is usually deionized water or a high flash point kerosene. Intense heat is generated by the cutting action of the electrode (or wire) and the fluid is used to stabilise the temperature of the workpiece, along with flushing any eroded particles from the immediate work area.
- Kerosene has been used when working on aluminium.
- Lard for press tool work
- Mineral oil Category:Metalworking Category:Lubricants

Swarf

:This article is about industrial waste. For the British band, see Swarf (band). Swarf (band) Swarf is the debris or waste resulting from metalworking operations. It consists of shavings and chippings of metal. It can usually be recycled and this is the preferred method of disposal due to the environmental concerns regarding potentional contamination with cutting fluid or tramp oil. The ideal way to remove these liquids is by the use of a centrifuge which will separate out any liquids allowing both to be reclaimed and prepared for further treatment. The chips are often extremely sharp, this creates a safety problem as they can cause severe injuries if not handled correctly. Depending on the composition of the material they can remain persistent in the environment for a long time, this combined with the small size of some chips (eg:- brass or bronze) allows them to disperse widely by piggy backing on soft materials and also penetrating the skin as a deep splinter. Disposing of swarf is a tedious but necessary task. For ease of transport and handling swarf may be compressed into bricks which greatly reduces associated problems with storing and cost, it also improves material handling for all concerned with its reclaimation and recycling. Category:Metalworking terminology Category:Manufacturing

Milling cutter

Milling cutters are cutting tools used in milling machines or machining centres. They are used to remove material by their movement within the machine (eg: a ball nose mill) or directly from the cutters shape (a form tool such as a Hobbing cutter).

Slot drills

(Top row in image)Are generally two (occasionally three) fluted cutters that are designed to cut on their end as well as the flutes. They are so named for their use in cutting keyway slots. machining centres

End mills

Main article: Endmill (Middle row in image) Are generally HSS cutting tools with three or more flutes. They are intended for bulk metal removal with their flutes and unless they are ground with cutting edges that cross the axis (as those in the image show) then they are only suitable for side cutting. Early endmills and most large endmills have a recessed center at each end of the cutter to facilitate resharpening, this results in the full cutting edge being unavailable.

Ball nose cutter

(Lower row in image) Similar to a slot drill but the end of the cutter is shaped as a hemispherical cutting edge. They are ideal for machining 3 dimensional contoured shapes in machining centres.

Slab mill

machining centres Slab mills are (were) used in horizontal or universal milling machines to machine large broad surfaces quickly. They have been superseded by the use of Carbide tipped face mills that are then used in vertical mills or machining centres.

Side and face cutter

machining centres The side and face cutter is designed with cutting teeth on its side as well as its circumference. They are made in varying diameters and widths depending on the application. The teeth on the side allow the cutter to make unbalanced cuts (cutting on one side only) without deflecting the cutter as would happen with a slitting saw or slot cutter (no side teeth)

Involute gear cutter

machining centres The image shows a Number 4 cutter from an involute gear cutting set. There are 7 cutters (excluding the rare half sizes) that will cut gears from 12 teeth through to a rack (infinite diameter). The cutter shown has markings that show it is a
- 10 DP (diametrical pitch) cutter
- That it is No. 4 in the set
- that it cuts gears from 26 through to 34 teeth
- It has a 14.5 degree pressure angle

Hobbing cutter

machining centres These cutters are a type of form tool and are used in hobbing machines to generate gears. A cross section of the cutters tooth will generate the required shape on the workpiece, once set to the appropriate conditions (blank size) . A hobbing machine is a specialised milling machine.

Face mill (carbide tipped)

hobbing machine A face mill consist of a cutter body (with the appropriate machine taper) that is designed to hold multiple disposable carbide or ceramic tips ( or inserts). These tips may be rotated within the holder to present a fresh face to the workpiece, this increases the life of the tip and thus their economical cutting life. The tips are not designed to be resharpened and are selected from a range of types that may be determined by various criteria, some of which may be: tip shape, cutting action required, material being cut.

Woodruff cutter

carbide 'Woodruff cutters are used to make the seat for woodruff keys. These keys are used to retain pulleys on shafts and are shaped as shown in the image. ja:フライス (工具) Category:Metalworking cutting tools Category:Cutting tools

Relief

:For other meanings, see Relief (disambiguation) In the art of sculpture, a relief is an artwork where a modeled form projects out of a flat background. Tensed musculature itself may be seen to be in relief. Depending on the depth involved, it may be termed a bas relief ("low relief") – as seen in numismatics – or it may be a high relief, with much undercutting, rendered almost in the round against its flat background. numismatics, Relief, around 2nd century, Head is missing]] Reliefs are a common type of artwork found throughout the world, particularly to decorate monumental buildings, such as temples. The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-reliefs. High reliefs may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. Famous examples of reliefs include:
- Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
- Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
- Temple of Karnak in Egypt
- Angkor Wat in Cambodia
- Lion Capital of Asoka, the national symbol of India.
- glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
- The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
- The representation of Monticello on a US nickel. Category:Sculpture techniques

CNC

The abbreviation CNC stands for Computer(ized) Numerical(ly) Control(led), and refers specifically to the computer control of machine tools for the purpose of (repeatedly) manufacturing complex parts in metal as well as other materials, using a program written in a notation conforming to the EIA-274-D standard and commonly called G-code. CNC was developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s by the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory. CNC machines were relatively briefly preceded by the less advanced NC, or Numerical(ly) Control(led), machines.

Tools with CNC variants

- Drills
- EDMs
- Lathes
- Milling machines
- Wood routers
- Sheetmetal works
- Hot-wire foam cutters

Description

The introduction of CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number of machining steps that required human action have been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and quality have been achieved. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation also allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the time required to change the machine to produce different components. In a production environment, a series of CNC machines may be combined into one station, commonly called a "cell", to progressively machine a part requiring several operations. CNC machines today are controlled directly from files created by CAM software packages, so that a part or assembly can go directly from design to manufacturing without the need of producing a drafted paper drawing of the manufactured component. In a sense, the CNC machines represent a special segment of industrial robot systems, as they are programmable to perform many kinds of machining operations (within their designed physical limits, like other robotic systems).

External links

- [http://www.haascnc.com Haas Automation, Inc.] The largest machine tool builder in the United States
- [http://www.moriseiki.co.jp Mori Seiki] The Machine Tool Company.
- [http://www.stoneworld.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,4046,65312,00.html Computers advance stoneworking technology] – By Jill Critchley (Stone World; www.stoneworld.com), 10 Oct 2001
- [http://www.gefanuc-europe.com GE Fanuc Automation Europe S.A.]
- [http://www.inside-woodworking.com/cnc/index.html CNC Machines],
- [http://www.cncci.com/resources/articles/CNC%20basics%201.htm Fundamentals Of CNC]
- [http://www.franjometal.com/metal-spinning/cnc-metal-spinning.html Introduction to CNC Metal Spinning Techniques]
- [http://www.franjometal.com/metal-spinning/flow-forming.html Flow Forming and Shear Forming w/ CNC]
- [http://www.linuxcnc.org The Enhanced Machine Controller], opensource CNC control software Category:CNC, CAD, and CAM Category:Embedded systems Category:Tools Category:Production and manufacturing ja:CNC

Turning

Turning, CNC turning, or manual turning is the process used to produce cylindrical components in a lathe. A cylindrical piece of stock is rotated and a cutting tool is traversed along 2 axes of motion to produce precise diameters and depths. Turning can be either on the outside of the cylinder or on the inside (also known as boring) to produce tubular components to various geometries. Turning can be performed manually on center lathes or automatically using automatic lathes (auto lathes) operated by skilled tradesmen called machinists (or fitter and turners), modern practice is moving towards the use of CNC controls such as a CNC turning center. Facing is a related term. It involves moving the cutting tool across the face (or end) of the workpiece and is performed by the operation of the topslide, as distinct from the longitudinal feed (turning). It is commonly associated with the use of a lathe although it may be used in relation to vertical boring mills or similar operations.

Axis

The word axis has several meanings:
- In mathematics, axis can mean:
- A straight line around which a geometric figure can be rotated.
- A coordinate axis -- a line representing a coordinate system.
- In geometry, special types of axes can include
- An axis of rotation
- An axis of symmetry
- In anatomy, the axis is the second cervical vertebra of the spine.
- In politics, it may refer to:
- A quasi-mathematical parameter which is used to describe some characteristic of someone or something. See Political spectrum.
- The Axis Powers of the Second World War
- The Axis of Evil, as coined by George W. Bush
- A similar alliance
- In Gundam (Universal Century), a fictional universe, Axis may refer to:
- The Asteroid Axis, a waypoint for the Jupiter Energy Fleet.
- The Axis Zeon, a faction in the Universal Century timeline
- In the record industry, it may refer to
- Axis Records, the name of two music labels.
- In Information Technology
- Axis is an opensource Webservices platform implementation of the Apache foundation
- Axis Communications (also known as AXIS) is a swedish manufacturer of network print servers, high-end webcameras and miscellanous IT goods.
- In music:
- Axis system simple:Axis

Computer-aided manufacturing

Integrating computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) with computer-aided design systems produces quicker and more efficient manufacturing processes. This methodology is applied in different manufacturing areas.

Things taken care of by CAM

- Verification of the data
- Panelization of the design to fit the raw material
- Ability to edit
- Ability to add manufacturing information

Data flow in mechanical engineering CAM

- First the information about a product is imported into the CAM system. Usually a CAD model is imported. The file may be a 3d model for milling machines. It may also be in the form of a 2d file for lathes, routers, lasers, waterjet or plasma tables.
- In mechanical engineering CAM is used to calculate toolpaths to cut material. Machining operations are calculated by using different functions that are offered by the CAM systems. The toolpath is usually written in CL data (Cutter Location data) format.
- The calculated toolpath is imported to the postprocessor which converts the CL data to the NC program (G-code) for the specific machine. NC programs often use text files (which aid editing) and incorporate start and stop locations using an x,y,z grid. A simple example might be a 4" x 2" rectangle. The basic code might read something like: N1X0Y0T01 N2X0Y2000 N3X4000Y2000 N4X4000Y0 N5X0Y0 N6M00 :Line 1 (N1) tells the machine to traverse to grid point X0Y0 and to pick tool #1 :Line 2 tells the machine to traverse to grid point X0Y2.000 :Line 3 tells the machine to travel to grid point X4.000Y2.000 :Line 4 tells the machine to travel to grid point X4.000Y0 :Line 5 returns the machine to origin :Line 6 stops the machine :Note that the program does nothing to define the tool cutting path. If the machine is a router and uses a 1/8" radius cutter, the actual part will end up 1/4" smaller than designed (1/8" per side). To compensate, a G-code command (in this case) may be used to adjust the tool path. N1G44M0125 N2X0Y0T01 N3X0Y2000 N4X4000Y2000 N5X4000Y0 N6X0Y0 N7M00 :In this case, the controller sees the first line and adjusts the location of the cutter to .125 (or 1/8") to the outside of the cutting profile. Now the machine will make a part that matches the one designed. Depending on the cutting tool, the compensation can be set as needed. For example, a laser with a very fine beam might have a compensation of .005", while a waterjet with a .060 inside tip diameter may need a compensation of .030.
- NC program is exported to the NC machine and the manufacturing process can begin.

Areas of usage

- In mechanical engineering
- In electronic design automation, CAM tools prepare printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit design data for manufacturing.

Brief description

In CNC manufacturing the CAM system is used to simplify the machining and design process. In most cases the CAM system will work with a CAD design made in a 3D environment. The CNC programmer will just specify the machining operations and the CAM system will create the CNC program. This compatibility of CAD/CAM systems eliminates the need for redefining the work piece configuration to the CAM system. In other words: C.A.M. is a software usually comes with a machine such as a lathe or miller which is controlled by the software. The entire system tends to be extremely expensive (a lathe and computer system with software will cost in excess of £10 000).

External links

- [http://www.pmozarks.com/article/cam_sys.htm "What is a CAM system?"]– By Mike Lynch
- [http://www.cncci.com "What are the differences between manual, conversational, and CAM system programming?"] Category:CNC, CAD, and CAM Category:manufacturing category:Information technology management Category:Product Lifecycle Management Category:Computer-aided design ja:CAM

Peoria, Illinois

Peoria is the largest city on the Illinois River and the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 112,936. A special census was conducted in 2004 which noted a 5,200 increase in city population, mainly in the northwest corridor. The metropolitan area has a population of 370,000 which includes parts of Peoria, Tazwell, Woodford, Stark and Marshall Counties. The city of Peoria is home to Bradley University, the world headquarters for Caterpillar Inc., and the USDA's National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. The city also has a federal courthouse, a Peoria Civic Center (which includes Carver Arena), an outstanding park district which has received numerous gold medal awards with several thousand acres of parks, three hospitals, the Midwest Affiliate of St. Jude Hospital and a medical school. Peoria has also been awarded the coveted All-America City Award three times. Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city, because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture. On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere. The question "Will it play in Peoria?" has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public, and Peoria is often used as a test market for new products. Peoria was the English word for the American Indian tribe that resided in the area, the Pimitoui. Pimitoui translates into "fat lake". The Illinois River broadens its width around the Peoria area, forming Peoria Lake. Peoria's sister cities include Friedrichshafen, Germany; Benxi, China; and Clonmel, Ireland. Peoria has also recently adopted Biloxi, Missisippi as a sister city to aid the city in recovering from the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

Geography

Peoria is located at 40°43'15" North, 89°36'34" West (40.720737, -89.609421). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 120.8 km² (46.6 mi²). 115.0 km² (44.4 mi²) of it is land and 5.8 km² (2.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.78% water. Peoria is bounded on the east by the Illinois River except for the enclave of Peoria Heights. Four bridges run directly between the city and neighboring East Peoria. On the south end of Peoria's western border are Bartonville and the newly established city of West Peoria. Local municipal plans indicate that the city intends to continue its expansion northwest, into an area unofficially considered part of Dunlap, Illinois.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 112,936 people, 45,199 households, and 27,345 families residing in the city. The population density is 982.1/km² (2,543.4/mi²). There are 49,125 housing units at an average density of 427.2/km² (1,106.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 69.29% White, 24.79% African American, 0.20% Native American, 2.33% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 2.51% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 45,199 households out of which 29.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.6% are married couples living together, 15.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% are non-families. 33.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 3.04. In the city the population is spread out with 25.7% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $36,397. The per capita income for the city is $20,512. 18.8% of the population are below the poverty line.

Famous connections to Peoria

People born or raised Peorian

- Bill Ballance, radio host
- Jack Brickhouse, announcer: voice of the Chicago Cubs
- Mark Staff Brandl, artist
- John Daker, local vocalist whos internet clip shows him humiliating himself singing a few classic songs
- Philip Jose Farmer, science fiction and fantasy author
- Michael Somerville, musician, composer
- Dan Fogelberg, musician
- Betty Friedan, feminist author, notably of The Feminine Mystique
- Robert G. Ingersoll, politician and orator
- Jim Jordan and Marian Jordan, stars of Fibber McGee and Molly on radio
- Camryn Manheim, actress, lived in Peoria until age 12
- Ralph Lawler, announcer: legendary voice of the Los Angeles Clippers
- Shaun Livingston, basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers
- Richard Pryor, comedian and actor
- Andrew Rex, physicist and author
- Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen, host of The Catholic Hour on radio and Life is Worth Living on television
- Dan Simmons, author of the Hyperion Cantos and other novels
- David Ogden Stiers, actor: Major Charles Emerson Winchester III on M
- A
- S
- H
- Jim Thome, baseball player Chicago White Sox
- Amy Weber, actress and former WWE diva

Well-known organizations

- Caterpillar Inc., bulldozer and engine manufacturer
- Maui Jim, polarized sunglass maker
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA facility where mass production of penicillin was invented
- LR Nelson, manufacturer of water sprinkler systems
- RLI, specialty insurance company

Other famous Peorians

- Harry Harrison, "Morning Mayor of Peoria" on WPEO, disc jockey on several New York City radio stations.
- Sam Kinison, comedian and former preacher. Though associated with Peoria, Kinison probably actually grew up in East Peoria.
- Mudvayne, metal music band
- General John M. Shalikashvili, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Spirit of Peoria, paddle wheel riverboat
- Bloody Mess, punk rocker

Famous events

- September 19 to October 21, 1813 - Peoria War.
- October 16, 1854 - Abraham Lincoln first publicized his stand that United States should move towards restricting and eventually eliminating slavery, a position directly against historic compromises such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The speech, which was possibly similar to one given in Springfield, Illinois 12 days earlier, followed the speech of Stephen A. Douglas, who Lincoln would later debate regularly in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858.
- April 3, 1967 - The trial of mass murderer Richard Speck begins at the Peoria County courthouse, after a change of venue from Chicago to insure a fair trial.
- Theodore Roosevelt named Grand View Drive, a street on the bluffs overlooking the Illinois River "The world's most beautiful drive." A Peoria radio station and CBS television affilitate took its call letters -- WMBD -- from his favorable opinion.

Points of interest

- George L. Luthy Memorial Botanical Garden

External links

- [http://www.ci.peoria.il.us/ Official municipal site]
- [http://www.peoria.org Peoria Area Convention and Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.peorianext.org Peoria NEXT]
- [http://www.peoriagis.com/ Peoria GIS Consortium] Category:All-America City Category:Cities in Illinois Category:Peoria County, Illinois Category:University towns

NMTB

Abbreviation for the National Machine Tool Builders Association which is now called the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT)[http://www.amtonline.org/]. The NMTB laid down standards for machine tool design, among other things: the taper used on CNC milling machines. The taper is variously referred to as NMTB, NMT or NT. Essentially this defines a taper of 3.500 inches per foot. All NMTB Tooling has this taper but the tooling comes in different sizes. NMTB-25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 60. With the 40 taper being the most common by far. CAT and BT tooling use this same taper. For historical reference: This is the same taper as that found on an R8 Collet. The R8 collet precedes NMTB tooling as the toolholder of choice for milling machines. Category:Milling Machines

Morse taper

Machine_taper#Morse

Metalworking

Metalworking is the craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. The term covers a wide range of work-from large ships, bridges and oil refineries to delicate jewellery. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills and the use of many different types of tools.

Milling

tool Milling is generally done on a milling machine, which is a power-driven machine used for the complex shaping of metal (or possibly other materials) parts, by removing unneeded material to form the final shape. Its basic form is that of a milling cutter that rotates about the spindle axis (like a drill), and a worktable that can move in multiple directions (usually three dimensions [x,y,z axes] relative to the workpiece, whereas a drill can only move in one dimension [z axis] while cutting). The motion across the surface of the workpiece is usually accomplished by moving the table on which the workpiece is mounted, in the x and y directions. Milling machines may be operated manually or under computer numerical control (CNC), and can perform a vast number of complex operations, such as slot cutting, planing, drilling and threading, rebating, routing, etc.

Turning

routing A lathe is a machine tool which spins a block of material so that when abrasive, cutting, or deformation tools are applied to the workpiece, it can be shaped to produce an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts or camshafts. The material may be held in place by a chuck or worked between one or two centers of which at least one can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the workpiece using a hardened cutting tool which is usually fixed to a solid moveable mounting called the "toolpost", this arrangement is then moved around the workpiece using handwheels and/or computer controlled motors.

Marking out

cutting tool Marking out is the process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece and is the first step in the handcraft of metalworking. It is performed in many industries or hobbies although in the repetition industries the need to mark out every individual piece is eliminated. The actual method is unique for each field of expertise, some common areas and their needs are listed below as examples of the variation in an otherwise simple process. In the metal trades area, marking out consists of transferring the engineers plan to the workpiece in preparation for the next step, machining or manufacture.

Drilling and threading

plan Drilling is the process of using a drill bit in a drill to produce holes. Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting. The continued production of chips from the cutting edges pushes the older chips outwards from the hole. This continues until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly [breaking the chip] or totally from the hole [clearing the bit] while drilling). Lubricants (or coolants) (i.e. cutting fluid) are sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tools life by cooling, lubricating the tip and improving chip flow. Taps and dies are tools commonly used for the cutting of screw threads in metal parts. A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a predrilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.

Welding

metal Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involves melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a bond between them. Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock, poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

Hand fabrication

ultraviolet light A wide variety of hand and small power tools are often used for metalworking, and an experienced machinist can fabricate almost any part using only hand tools, although it may not be as efficient (time wise) as with advanced machinery. Many types of hand tools are used, including cutting and scraping tools to remove metal, impact tools to reshape metal, and a wide variety of tools for marking, positioning, or otherwise assisting the fabrication process.

Grinding

machinist Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts, using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or of inorganic materials.
Category:Metalworking

Category:Machining

Category:Metalworking

Category:Tools

The category of tools includes physical tools like hammers etc, as well as more abstract tools like e.g. mathematical tables. Most of the articles will reside in subcategories for the different classes of tools. Category:Technology Category:Construction Category:Manufactured goods Category:Skills Category:Equipment ko:분류:도구 ja:Category:道具

Administrative subdivision of Rome

The administrative subdivision of Rome consists in the division of the large territory of Rome's municipality into 19 sub-municipalities, the Municipi. Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the XIV, what is now the Comune di Fiumicino, voted some years ago to become a full municipality itself and eventually detached from Rome.

List of Municipi

- Municipio I – Includes the traditional Rioni: Monti, Trevi, Colonna, Campo Marzio, Ponte, Parione, Regola, Sant'Eustachio, Pigna, Campitelli, Ripa, Sant'Angelo, Trastevere, Esquilino, Ludovisi, Sallustiano, part of Castro Pretorio, Celio.
- Municipio II – Includes the districts: Flaminio, Parioli, Pinciano, Salario and a part of the Trieste.
- Municipio III – Includes: part of the Rione Castro Pretorio; the districts Nomentano, and a part of the Tiburtino.
- Municipio IV – Includes the districts: Monte Sacro, Monte Sacro Alto, Val Melaina, Castel Giubileo, Marcigliana, Casal Boccone, Tor S. Giovanni and a part of the Trieste.
- Municipio V – Includes the districts: Pietralata, Ponte Mammolo, S. Basilio, Settecamini, Tor Cervara, Tor Sapienza, Acqua Vergine and parts of the Tiburtino and of the Collatino.
- Municipio VI – Includes parts of the districts: Tiburtino, Prenestino-Labicano, Tuscolano and Collatino.
- Municipio VII – Includes the districts: Prenestino, Centocelle, Alessandrino, La Rustica and parts of the Tuscolano, Collatino, Don Bosco, Tor Cervara, Tor Sapienza and Torre Spaccata.
- Municipio VIII – Includes the districts: Lunghezza, S. Vittorino, Torre Angela, Borghesiana and parts of the Don Bosco, Acqua Vergine, Torre Spaccata, Torre Maura, Torrenova and Torre Gaia.
- Municipio IX – Includes parts of the districts: Prenestino-Labicano, Tuscolano and Appio Latino.
- Municipio X – Includes: Appio Claudio, Capannelle, and parts of Tuscolano, Don Bosco, Appio Pignatelli, Torre Maura, Torrenova, Torre Gaia.
- Municipio XI – Includes parts of: Appio Latino, Ostiense, Ardeatino, Appio Pignatelli, Torricola and Cecchignola.
- Municipio XII – Includes: Giuliano-Dalmata, EUR, Fonte Ostiense, Vallerano, Castel di Decima, Torrino and parts of Ostiense, Castel di Leva and Cecchignola.
- Municipio XIII – Includes: Ostia Ponente, Ostia Levante, Castel Fusano, and parts of Tor de' Cenci, Mezzocamino.
- Muncipio XV – Includes parts of: Portuense, Gianicolense, Magliana Vecchia, Ponte Galeria, Pisana.
- Municipio XVI – Includes parts of: Portuense, Gianicolense, Maccarese, Pisana, Castel di Guido.
- Municipio XVII – Includes the Rioni Prati and Borgo and parts of the districts Trionfale, Della Vittoria.
- Municipio XVIII – Includes parts of:Aurelio, Trionfale, Primavalle, Castel di Guido, Casalotti.
- Municipio XIX – Includes parts of: Aurelio, Trionfale, Primavalle, Della Vittoria.
- Municipio XX – Includes: Tor di Quinto, La Giustiniana, La Storta, Cesano and parts of Della Vittoria, Tomba di Nerone.

Extensive list of Rome's districts and zones outside the imperial walls (incomplete)

Acilia, Acqua Acetosa, Acqua Acetosa Ostiense, Alberone, Alessandrino, Appia-Pignatelli, Appio-Latino, Arco di Travertino, Ardeatino Aurelio, Axa, Balduina, Belsito, Boccea, Bravetta, Bufalotta, Caffarella, Camilluccia, Capannelle, Casal Bertone, Casal Boccone, Casal Bruciato, Casal del Marmo, Casal de' Pazzi, Casaletto, Casal Lumbroso, Casalotti, Casalpalocco, Casal Selce Case Rosse Casetta Mattei, Casilino 23, Cassia, Castel Giubileo, Castelverde, Cecchignola, Centocelle, Cesano, Cinecittà, Cinquina, Città Giardino, Colle di Mezzo, Colli Aniene, Colli Portuensi, Corviale, Dalmata, Delle Valli, Delle Vittorie, Divino Amore, Don Bosco, Dragona, Dragoncello, Due Ponti, Eur, Falcognana, Fidene, Finocchio, Flaminio, Fleming, Fonte Meravigliosa, Foro Italico, Garbatella, Gianicolense, Giardinetti, Grotta Perfetta, Grottarossa, Idroscalo, Infernetto, Labaro-Prima Porta, La Giustiniana, La Parrocchietta, La Romanina, La Storta, Laurentino 38, Lucchina, Lunghezza, Magliana, Malafede, Malagrotta, Mandrione, Marconi, Massimina, Medaglie d'Oro, Miani, Montagnola, Monte Antenne, Montecucco, Monte Mario, Monte Sacro, Montespaccato, Monteverde Nuovo, Monteverde Vecchio, Monti di Creta, Morena, Mostacciano, Muratella, Nomentano-Italia, Nuovo Salario, Olgiata, Osteria del Curato, Ostia, Ostiense, Ottavia, Ottavo Colle, Parco dei Medici, Parioli, Pietralata, Pigneto, Pineta Sacchetti, Pinciano, Pisana, Ponte Galeria, Ponte Mammolo, Ponte Milvio, Porta di Roma, Porta Maggiore, Portonaccio, Portuense, Prati Fiscali, Prato della Signora, Prenestino, Primavalle, Quadraro, Quarticciolo, Quarto Miglio, Rebibbia, Roma 70, Salario, San Basilio, San Lorenzo, San Paolo, Santa Maria del Soccorso, Saxa Rubra, Selva Candida, Serpentara, Settebagni, Settecamini, Spinaceto, Statuario, Talenti, Tiburtino, Tomba di Nerone, Tor Bella Monaca, Tor Carbone, Tor de' Cenci, Tor di Quinto, Tor di Valle, Tor Marancia, Tor Pagnotta, Torpignattara, Torraccia, Torre Angela, Torre Spaccata, Torrevecchia, Torrino, Tor Sapienza, Tor Tre Teste, Tor Vergata, Tre Fontane, Trieste, Trigoria, Trionfale, Trullo, Tufello, Tuscolano, Val Cannuta, Valle Giulia, Valleranello, Vallerano, Verano, Vigna Clara, Vigna Murata, Valle Aurelia, Villa Certosa, Villaggio Olimpico, Vitinia

List of the historic Rioni of Rome's center

Rioni #Monti #Trevi #Colonna #Campo Marzio #Ponte #Parione #Regola #Sant'Eustachio #Pigna #Campitelli #Sant'Angelo #Ripa #Trastevere #Borgo #Esquilino #Ludovisi #Sallustiano #Castro Pretorio #Celio #Testaccio #San Saba #Prati Category:Rome

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Milling machine

Types of milling machines

CNC milling machines

Milling machine tooling

See also

Drill

History

Types

Hand tools

Electric Drill

Hammer Drill

Rotary hammer drill

Cordless drills

Drill press

Geared head drill

Radial arm drill

Mill drill

Related tools

See also

External link

Cutting fluid

Other lubricants

Swarf

Milling cutter

Slot drills

End mills

Ball nose cutter

Slab mill

Side and face cutter

Involute gear cutter

Hobbing cutter

Face mill (carbide tipped)

Woodruff cutter

Relief

CNC

Tools with CNC variants

Description

See also

External links

Turning

See also

Axis

Computer-aided manufacturing

Things taken care of by CAM

Data flow in mechanical engineering CAM

Areas of usage

Brief description

See also

External links

Peoria, Illinois

Geography

Demographics

Famous connections to Peoria

People born or raised Peorian

Well-known organizations

Other famous Peorians

Famous events

See also

Roads

Sports

Points of interest

External links

NMTB

Morse taper

Metalworking

Milling

Turning

Marking out

Drilling and threading

Welding

Hand fabrication

Grinding

Category:Machining

Category:Tools

Administrative subdivision of Rome

List of Municipi

Extensive list of Rome's districts and zones outside the imperial walls (incomplete)

List of the historic Rioni of Rome's center

Michael Sherman

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